David Lindley
(1955?-)
David Lindley is a Ph.D astrophysicist who has become a science writer. He was an editor at
Nature,
Science, and
Science News.
His 2015 book
Boltzmann's Atom was a great help with our work on
Ludwig Boltzmann, as was his 2008 book
Uncertainty on
Werner Heisenberg.
His latest book,
The Dream Universe explains how physical theories today are going far beyond ideas that can possibly be tested with experiments.
He might have quoted
Boltzmann, Boltzmann's colleague
Franz Exner, and Exner's student,
Erwin Schrödinger, who all said that
deterministic theories "go beyond experience."
In his opening paragraphs, Lindley describes the problem
Almost thirty years ago I published my first book, The End ofPhysics. < You will no doubt be aware that there is still plenty of physics gong on. But my focus in The End ofPhysics was more specific. I was discussing fundamental physics, the discipline that deals with me nature of matter at its most elementary level, the origin of the forces that hold matter together, and the formation of the universe itself. At the time, in the early 1990s, many scientists were all fired up about the possibility of building a “theory of everything”—a single coherent intellectual framework that would capture all of fundamental physics in one neat and satisfying package. The point of my book was to say this ambition was delusional because such a theory could never be adequately tested. No telescopes or particle colliders, I said, would ever be powerful enough to see the finest internal details of the various proposed theories of everything, so that the connection between what the theories said and what we could actually observe and test was at best a lengthy and tenuous chain of inference.
Lindley takes one of the most popular, and most outlandish (literally), theories of everything today, the mulitiverse hypothesis built on ideas of
Hugh Everett III. He says
The overwhelming difficulty with the multiverse hypothesis is that if there is only one universe that we can know about, how can it be a legitimate scientific proposal to say that there are innumerable other universes out there, in some space that we can never explore, the existence of which we can never definitively establish? A legitimate scientific theory, we learned from Karl Popper, is one that can be falsified. Is the multiverse hypothesis falsifiable? Is there any evidence of the slightest kind that hints at its reality?
The Dream Universe, p.189
At the end of his book, Lindley concludes
...fundamental physics today suffers from a narrow idealism that arises from within. At the start of this chapter I said that scientists have traditionally not fretted too much about where they are going. Instead, they tackle the problems that stand immediately in front of them and let the future unfold as it will. Science, after all, is the exploration of the unknown. But researchers in fundamental physics, knowingly or not, have adopted entirely the opposite strategy: they have declared in advance what they are looking for and are toiling to create a theory that matches their expectations. They do this, arguably, out of necessity. Observation, experiment, and fact-finding are no longer able to guide them, so they must set their path by other means, and they have decided that pure rationality and mathematical reasoning, along with a refined aesthetic sense, will do the job.
As an intellectual exercise, fundamental physics retains a powerful fascination, at least for those few who are fully able to appreciate it. But it is not science. It’s not that I think such research should cease altogether. But I wish its practitioners would take the trouble to ponder where they are going, and to what end.
The Dream Universe, p.201
Normal |
Teacher |
Scholar