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Philosophers
Mortimer Adler Rogers Albritton Alexander of Aphrodisias G.E.M.Anscombe Thomas Aquinas Aristotle David Armstrong Augustine A.J.Ayer Mark Balaguer William Belsham Isaiah Berlin Bernard Berofsky Susanne Bobzien George Boole F.H.Bradley C.D.Broad C.A.Campbell Joseph Keim Campbell Carneades Ernst Cassirer Roderick Chisholm Chrysippus Cicero Randolph Clarke Samuel Clarke Donald Davidson Democritus Daniel Dennett René Descartes Richard Double Fred Dretske John Earman Laura Waddell Ekstrom Epictetus Epicurus John Martin Fischer Owen Flanagan Philippa Foot Alfred Fouilleé Harry Frankfurt Richard L. Franklin Carl Ginet Nicholas St. John Green Ian Hacking Ishtiyaque Haji Stuart Hampshire Georg W.F. Hegel Martin Heidegger R.E.Hobart Thomas Hobbes David Hodgson Shadsworth Hodgson Ted Honderich Pamela Huby David Hume William James Robert Kane Immanuel Kant Tomis Kapitan Christine Korsgaard Keith Lehrer Gottfried Leibniz Leucippus C.I.Lewis David Lewis John Locke John R. Lucas Lucretius Hugh McCann Colin McGinn Michael McKenna Alfred Mele John Stuart Mill Dickinson Miller G.E.Moore Thomas Nagel Friedrich Nietzsche P.H.Nowell-Smith Robert Nozick William of Ockham Timothy O'Connor Charles Sanders Peirce Derk Pereboom Steven Pinker Plato Karl Popper H.A.Prichard Willard van Orman Quine Frank Ramsey Ayn Rand Thomas Reid Charles Renouvier Nicholas Rescher Josiah Royce Bertrand Russell Paul Russell Gilbert Ryle T.M.Scanlon Moritz Schlick Arthur Schopenhauer John Searle Henry Sidgwick Walter Sinnott-Armstrong J.J.C.Smart Saul Smilansky Michael Smith Galen Strawson Peter Strawson Eleonore Stump Richard Taylor Kevin Timpe Peter van Inwagen Manuel Vargas John Venn Kadri Vihvelin G.H. von Wright R. Jay Wallace Ted Warfield Roy Weatherford Alfred North Whitehead David Widerker David Wiggins Ludwig Wittgenstein Susan Wolf Scientists Margaret Boden Neils Bohr Ludwig Boltzmann Max Born Stephen Brush Arthur Holly Compton Abraham de Moivre John Eccles Arthur Stanley Eddington Albert Einstein Richard Feynman A.O.Gomes Joshua Greene Jacques Hadamard Martin Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg Pierre-Simon Laplace David Layzer Ernst Mach Henry Margenau James Clerk Maxwell Ernst Mayr Jacques Monod Steven Pinker Max Planck Henri Poincaré Erwin Schrödinger Herbert Simon B. F. Skinner William Thomson (Kelvin) John von Neumann Daniel Wegner Steven Weinberg |
Triads
After dualisms, the next most popular philosophical architectonic structures are triads, triplicities, or trinities.
Some philosophers describe their triads as three "worlds," just as dualism is often described in terms of an Ideal World and a Material World.
We analyze examples, and find that the three worlds are most often simply the canonical Ideal/Material dualism with an interpolated third world corresponding to a human world, with its obvious connection to the world of ideas above and the material world below.
Popper's Three Worlds
Peirce's Three Universes of Experience
Types of Triads
A Few Tetrads
For Teachers
For Scholars
C.S. Pierce's "response to the anticipated suspicion that he
attaches a superstitious or fanciful importance to the number
three, and forces divisions to a Procrustean bed of trichotomy."
"I fully admit that there is a not uncommon craze for
trichotomies... I am not so
afflicted; but I find myself obliged, for truth's sake, to make
such a large number of trichotomies that I could not [but] wonder if my readers, especially those of them who are in the way of
knowing how common the malady is, should suspect, or even
opine, that I am a victim of it. But I am now and here going
to convince those who are open to conviction, that it is not so,
but that there is a good reason why a thorough student of the
subject of this book should be led to make trichotomies, that
the nature of the science is such that not only is it to be expected that it should involve real trichotomies, but furthermore, that there is a cause that tends to give this form."
(Collected Papers, C.S.Peirce, Principles of Philosophy, 1.568)
"The fact that different ideas are connected is too obvious to be overlooked; yet I have not found any philosopher trying to list or classify all the sources of association. This seems to be worth doing. To me there appear to be only three factors connecting ideas with one another,
namely, Resemblance, Contiguity in time or place, and Cause or Effect.
I don’t think there will be much doubt that our ideas are connected by these factors. A
picture naturally leads our thoughts to the thing that is depicted in it; the mention of one room
naturally introduces remarks or questions about other rooms in the same building; and if we
think of a wound, we can hardly help thinking about the pain that follows it. But it will be hard to prove to anyone’s satisfaction - the reader’s or my own - that this these three are the only sources of association among our ideas. All we can do is to consider a large number of instances where ideas are connected, find in each case what connects them, and eventually develop a really general account of this phenomenon. The more cases we look at, and the more care we employ on them, the more assured we can be that our final list of principles of association is complete." (Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section III, Of the Association of Ideas, David Hume)
"We have three relationships
- one to this bodily shell which envelops us - one to the Divine cause which is the Source of everything in all things - and one to our fellow mortals around us." (Marcus Aurelius, Book VIII, 27)
"“Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me"
(Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, 5:161.33-6)
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